在日常學(xué)習(xí)、工作或生活中，大家總少不了接觸作文或者范文吧，通過(guò)文章可以把我們那些零零散散的思想，聚集在一塊。范文怎么寫(xiě)才能發(fā)揮它最大的作用呢？以下是小編為大家收集的優(yōu)秀范文，歡迎大家分享閱讀。

沈陽(yáng)故宮導(dǎo)游詞簡(jiǎn)單篇一

依建筑時(shí)光和布局，沈陽(yáng)故宮的建筑可分為三部分，它們分別是東路、中路、西路。這天，我們就按這個(gè)順序。首先參觀東路建筑。

沈陽(yáng)故宮以其獨(dú)特的建筑藝術(shù)和特殊的歷史而聞名中外，在這片絢麗多彩，雄偉多姿的建筑群中，最古老，最具特色的就是我們面前的大政殿。

大政殿草創(chuàng)于1620xx年，是處理國(guó)家政務(wù)和舉行慶典活動(dòng)的主要場(chǎng)所之一。作為最早使用和最為重要的宮殿之一。許多重大歷史事件都以大政殿為舞臺(tái)上演。

大清門(mén)是沈陽(yáng)故宮的正門(mén)，為皇帝臨朝前，文武百官候朝的地方。它便是演義小說(shuō)中俗稱的“午朝門(mén)”。大清門(mén)的屋頂滿鋪黃琉璃瓦并襯以綠色剪邊，既保留了以黃為尊的傳統(tǒng)觀念，又體現(xiàn)了滿族對(duì)故鄉(xiāng)山林的深厚眷念。從而構(gòu)成了區(qū)別北京故宮的一個(gè)特點(diǎn)——宮殿頂覆以黃琉璃瓦鑲以綠色剪邊。

穿過(guò)大清門(mén)，北望便是崇政殿。崇政殿俗稱“金鑾殿”，是清太宗皇太極舉行日常朝會(huì)的地方。

各位朋友，古代宮殿建筑布局講究“前朝后寢”?？催^(guò)了皇帝上朝的金鑾殿，請(qǐng)大家隨我去參觀帝后的寢宮。

鳳凰樓為宴飲、議事之所，是當(dāng)年沈陽(yáng)城的最高建筑，詩(shī)稱“欲窮千里目，更上一層樓”可謂十分貼切。登上鳳凰樓俯瞰四周，萬(wàn)般景物盡收眼底，可飽覽盛京全景，也可觀賞日出。“鳳樓曉日”是當(dāng)年著名的盛京八景之一。

各位朋友，穿過(guò)鳳凰樓底層的通道后，我們就進(jìn)入了后妃居住的臺(tái)上五官。臺(tái)上五官是清寧宮、關(guān)雎宮、麟趾宮、衍慶宮、永福宮。

此刻請(qǐng)大家隨我參觀皇太極和皇后的寢宮——清寧宮。

清寧宮東梢門(mén)稱“暖閣”，是帝后的臥室。暖閣內(nèi)分南北二室，二室均設(shè)火炕。1643年八月初九，皇太極在暖閣內(nèi)駕崩，終年52歲，后葬于沈陽(yáng)昭陵，即北陵。

各位朋友，此刻請(qǐng)隨我去參觀西路建筑。西路建于1782年至1783年，主要包括：戲臺(tái)、嘉蔭堂、文溯閣等。

說(shuō)起文溯閣，我們不能不提到乾隆皇帝和《四庫(kù)全書(shū)》。出于加強(qiáng)文化統(tǒng)治的需要，乾隆皇帝于1772年下詔訪求天下藏書(shū)，歷經(jīng)十余年時(shí)光編成一部大型叢書(shū)。該書(shū)分經(jīng)、史、子、集四部，所以稱為《四庫(kù)全書(shū)》。書(shū)修成后，抄錄七部，在全國(guó)建七座藏書(shū)閣分別收藏，沈陽(yáng)故宮的文溯閣便是其中之一。

看到那里，我們這天的參觀已經(jīng)接近尾聲。望故宮之行能給您留下完美的回憶。

沈陽(yáng)故宮導(dǎo)游詞簡(jiǎn)單篇二

hello, everyone! please allow me to express a warm welcom#e on behalf of shenyang citizens. i'm with great pleasure to be your tourist guide and from now on i will show you around shenyang imperial palace, where the founder of qing dynasty nuerhachi and his son huangtaiji lived.

shenyang imperial palace, fuling tomb and zhaoling tomb made in the early period of qing dynasty are the three famous historical sites in shenyang. shenyang imperial palace with a history of over 360 years started in 1625 and was roughly accom#plished in 1636 during the reign of nuerhachi and huangtaiji. after them four emperors of qing dynasty had com#e back from beijing to this palace for 10 times and enlarged its area and added its buildings. they were emperor kangxi, qianlong, jiaqing and daoguang. therefore, until 1783 the palace was finally finished. shenyang imperial palace is one of the two royal palaces well kept in china. the other one is forbidden city in beijing. shenyang imperial palace was entitled "historic culture relics preserved buildings" in 1961 by the state council. this palace is an emperor museum com#bining the architectural styles of the minorities of man, han and mongolia. this palace covers an area of 60,000 square meters, com#prising over 20 courtyards, 300 houses and 70 buildings. the whole construction is spanided into three sections: the east, middle and west.

first let's pay a visit to the buildings in the buildings in the middle section. the layout of middle section is similar to a chinese com#pound with three courtyards. the first courtyard is the office area. it starts from the grand qing gate on the south and ends at holy administration hall. from phoenix tower to purity and tranquility hall is the residential area. they all lay out on the same line. the main entrance to the palace is the grand qing gate, also called meridian gate because the emperor considered himself as the son of heaven and the palace should be the center of universe .the grand qing gate was built in 1632 and is was the place where the civilian officials and military ministers to present themselves before the emperor daily .the special feature of the gate is the tile color. they are all yellow tiles but engraved with green borders. yellow symbolizes the ground and the royal right while green represents sea and mountains. the com#bination of them means controlling the vast areas on the earth. the building to the east of grand qing gate is called ancestor temple (taimiao) with yellow tile roof, where nuerhachi's descendants offered sacrifices to their ancestors for blessings. so ancestor temple is the most important. please follow me into the gate. this path in the middle links the gate to holy administration hall with flying dragon pavilion (feilongge) and flying phoenix pavilion (xiangfengge) on each side. the hall of holy administration is the main building in the middle part of the palace and it was the center of the military, administrative affairs in early qing dynasty and had witnessed many national ceremonies. flying dragon and flying phoenix pavilions were for storing music instruments. holy administration hall was emperor huangtaiji's office. in front of the hall are rigui and jiangliang, which were used as measure instruments and supposed to be the symbol of unity. in accident construction, office area is usually in the front part and residential area is in the rear.

since we have visited the place where the emperors worked and now we'll pay a visit to the place where empress and concubines lived. here is the phoenix tower. it served as an entrance to the rear chambers and also the entertainment area of huangtaiji and his concubines, and some gatherings or banquets were held occasionally. the tower was built on a terrace 3.8 meters tall. it was the tallest building in shenyang at that time .it is amazing watching sunrise in the morning on the tower and phoenix sunrise is one of the famous eight fascinating scenes in shenyang. look upward, we will see a board hanging up on phoenix tower ,on which emperor qianlong inscribed "ziqidonglai", which meant the qing dynasty in beijing immigrated from shengjing, the old name for shenyang to the east .there are 24staircases leading to phoenix tower representing 24 seasonal spanisions points in chinese lunar calendar.

now notice the pole standing right in the middle of the courtyard. this red pole is called suolun pole, or holy pole. its round tin container near the top was filled with food for feeding crows. it was said that nuerhachi was saved by crows. crows are considered sacred in manchurian culture though in chinese culture crows are regarded as birds bringing bad luck. emperor huangtaiji had four concubines. among the four concubines chen was loved best by huangtaiji and concubine zhuang was the wisest and the mother of the next emperor, fulin. therefore, she had a special status among the concubines. the only chimney was built on the rear of purity and tranquility hall from the ground with 11 layers, representing the 11 emperors from emperor huangtaiji to the last emperor puyi. this chimney was the highest one at that time. in chinese, the sound of chimney "tong" is the same as that of unity. to the north further is rear courtyard called yuhua garden. after visiting the middle section of the palace, we com#e to the eastern section. its representative building is the great administration hall, flanked by ten princes pavilions. this part was built in 1625, and they were the earliest building in shenyang imperial palace. great administration hall is the place ceremonies and handled state affairs. great administration hall was built with eight sides representing the style of military tent and also eight banner military system.

now please look at the ten pavilions, five on each side, which were the offices of the com#manders at that time. here i will give you an introduction to the military system of early manchurian period. nuerhachi spanided his troops in four parts and each part was identified by the color of its banner .there sere then four kinds of banner: red, blue, white and yellow banner. as the troops expanded quickly, another four parts were added and therefore another four kinds of banner were needed .by then there were altogether eight kinds of banner. this army was therefore well known for eight banner army.

the last part of shenyang imperial palace is the western section, built from 1782 to 1783 and during emperor qianlong's reign. its main construction is book source pavilion (wensuge) with theater platform and good descendant-benefiting hall (jiayintang) in front, prosperity administration study (yangxizhai) and nine halls behind. book source pavilion (wensuge) was specially designed for storing the encyclopedia com#piled at that time, si ku quan shu. this encyclopedia collected most of the books in chinese history .its com#plication started in set of history books is com#posed of seven sections, more than 36,000 volumes. it took educated persons over 10 years to finish is. when finished, the whole encyclopedia was duplicated in seven pavilions across china. the other six copies were either damaged during wars or lost. this set is the only one well kept. but the real copy is no longer here and now is restored in the palace museum in beijing and gansu province library. we can see that book source pavilion covered with black tiles. in chinese philosophy, black refers water. the pavilion was built for storing books and its biggest threat was fire. so black tiles hinting water covering it on the top as a way of protection. good property admiration study was for emperor reading while descendant-benefiting hall and the theater platform consisting of a courtyard for emperor ,his empress and concubines watching plays. shenyang imperial palace is one of the cultural relics in china and it is the symbol of this city. it is a good com#bination of different nationalities as well as a tourist attraction.

and now we have to end our visiting, i hope you all enjoy it and thank you for your cooperation, goodbye.

沈陽(yáng)故宮導(dǎo)游詞簡(jiǎn)單篇三

hello,everyone!please allow me to express a warm welcome on behalf of shenyang citizens.i'm with great pleasure to be your tourist guide and from now on i will show you around shenyang imperial palace,shere the founder of qing dynasty nuerhachi and his son huangtaiji ng imperial palace ,fuling tomb and zhaoling tomb made in the early period of qing dynasty are the three famous historical sites in shenyang .

shenyang imperial palace with a history of over 360 years started in 1625 and was roughly accomplished in 1636 during the reign of nuerhachi and huangtaiji. after them four emperors of qing dynasty had come back from beijing to this palace for 10 times and enlarged its area and added its y were emperor kangxi,qianlong,jiaqing and ore,until 1783 the palace was finally finished.

shenyang imperial palace is one of the two royal palaces well kept in other one is forbidden city in ng imperial palace was entitled "historic culture relics preserved buildings" in 1961 by the state palace is an emperor museum combining the architectual styles of the minorities of man,han and mongolia.

this palace covers an area of 60,000 square meters,comprising over 20 courtyards,300 houses and 70 whole construction is spanided into three sections: the east, middle and west.

first let's pay a visit to the buildings in the buildings in the middle layout of middle section is similar to a chinese compound with three first courtyard is the office starts from the grand qing gate on the south and ends at holy administration phoenix tower to purity and tranquility hall is the residential all lay out on the same line.

the main entrance to the palace is the grand qing gate,also called meridian gate because the emperor considered himself as the son of heaven and the palace should be the center of universe .the grand qing gate was bulilt in 1632 and is was the place where the civilian offcials and military ministers to present themselves before the emperor daily .the special feature of the gate is the tile are all yellow tiles but engraved with green synbolizes the ground and the royal right while green represents sea and combination of them means controlling the vast areas on the earth.

the building to the east of grand qing gate is called ancestor temple(taimiao)with yellow tile roof,where nuerhachi's descendants offeredsacrifices to their ancestors for ancestor temple is the most important.

please follow me into the path in the middle links the gate to holy administration hall with flying dragon pavilion (feilongge) and flying phoenix pavilion(xiangfengge) on each hall of holy administration is the main building in the middle part of the palace and it was the center of the military,administrative affairs in eatly qing dynasty and had witnessed many national dragon and flying phoenix pavilions were for storing music instruments.

holy administration hall was emperor huangtaiji's front of the hall are rigui and jiangliang,which were used as measure instruments and supposed to be the symbol of unity.

in accient construction,office area is usually in the front part and residential area is in the we have visted the place where the emperors worked and now we'll pay a visite tothe place where empress and concubines is the phoenis served as an entrances to the rear chambers and also the entertainment area of huangtaiji and his concubines,and some gatherings or banquets were held tower was built on a terrace 3.8 meters was the tallest building in shenyang at that time .it is amazing watching sunrise in the morning on the tower and phoenix sunrise is one of the famous eight fascinating scenes in shenyang.

look upward ,we will see a board hanging up on phoenix tower ,on which emperor qianlong inscribed "ziqidonglai",which meant the qing dynasty in beijing immigrated fron shengjing,the old name for shenyang to the east .there are 24staircases leading to phoenix tower representing 24 seasonal spanisions points in chinese lunar shenyang imperial palace chambers are higher than halls, which is contrary to the architectural style in forbidden city in beijing.

walking through the tower are the rear one on the north in the middle was called purity and tranquility hall,which was prepared for emperor and other four lying on both sides were fo concubines .purity and tranquility hall has five rooms and the first from the east was where huangraiji passed away here at the age of 52 without any throne passed to his ninth son, early qing dynasty,the construction style was summed up like this: bag-like house,zigzag bed and chimney sitting on the main buildings here were different from other buildings with a door was opende in the wall of the east room and the other rooms were connected together like a zigzag beds,made of mud and brick and with fire and smoke tunnels were called"kang"in order to get heat and keep room warm in winter,tunnels was made under the ground of purity and tranquility hall to put fire and smoke through .now notice the pole standing on the ground for smoke notice the pole standing right in the middle of the red pole is called suolun pole,or holy round tin container near the top was filled with food for feeding was said that nuerhachi was savedby are considered sacred in manchurian culture though in chinese culture crows are regarded as birds bringing bad luck.

emperor huangtaiji had four the four concubines chen was loved best by huangtaiji and concubine zhuang was the wisest and the mother of the next emperor,ore ,she had a special status among the concubines.

the only chimney was built on the rear of purity and tranquility hall from the ground with 11 layers ,representing the 11 emperors from emperor huangtaiji to the last emperor chimney was the highest one at that chinese ,the sound of chimeny"tong" is the same as that of unity.

to the north further is rear courtyard called yuhua garden.

after visiting the middle section of the palace ,we come to the eastern representative building is the great administration hall,flanked by ten princes part was built in 1625,and they were the earliest building in shenyang imperial administration hall is the place ceremonies and handled state affairs.

great administration hall was built with eight sides representing the style of military tent and also eight banner military please look at the ten pavilions,five on each side,which were the offices of the commanders at that i will give you an introduction to the military system of early manchurian period .nuerhachi spanided his troops in four parts and each part was identified by the color of its banner .there sere then four kinds of banner:red,blue,white and yellow the troops expanded quickly ,another four parts were added and therefore another four kinds of banner were needed .by then there were altogether eight kinds of army was therefore well known for eight banner army .

the last part of shenyang imperial palace is the western section,built from 1782 to 1783 and during emperor qianlong's main construction is book source pavilion (wensuge) with theater platform and good descendant-benefiting hall(jiayintang) in front,prosperity administration stydy (yangxizhai) and nine halls souurce pavilion(wensuge) was specially designed for storing the encyclopedia compiled at that time,si ku quan encyclopedia collected most of the books in chinese history .its complication started in set of history books is composed of seven sections,more than 36,000 took educated persons over 10 years to finish finished,the sholecneyclopedia was duplicated in seven pavilions across other six copies were either damaged during wars or set is the only one well the real copy is no longer here and now is restored in the palace museum in beijing and gansu province can see that book source pavilion covered with black chinese philosophy,black refers pavilion was built for storing books and its biggest threat was black tiles hinting water covering it on the top as a way of protection .good proserty admiration study was for emperor reading while descendant-benefiting hall and the theater platform consisting of a couryard for emperor ,his empress and concubines watching plays.

shenyang imperial palace is one of the cultural relics in china and it is the symbol of this city .it is a good combination of diferent nationalities as well as a tourist now we have to end our visiting ,i hope you all enjoy it and thank you for your cooperation,goodbye.

沈陽(yáng)故宮導(dǎo)游詞簡(jiǎn)單篇四

各位朋友，歡迎大家來(lái)到沈陽(yáng)，我是你們的導(dǎo)游，沈夢(mèng)，大家能夠叫我沈?qū)в?，也能夠叫我?mèng)導(dǎo)，我更喜歡你們加我夢(mèng)導(dǎo)，好了，先簡(jiǎn)答給大家介紹一下，在繁華的沈陽(yáng)古城中心，有一座巍峨莊嚴(yán)的清代宮殿建筑群。就是我們這天的目的地——沈陽(yáng)故宮。

依建筑時(shí)光和布局，沈陽(yáng)故宮的建筑可分為三部分，它們分別是東路、中路、西路。這天，我們就按這個(gè)順序。首先參觀東路建筑。

沈陽(yáng)故宮以其獨(dú)特的建筑藝術(shù)和特殊的歷史而聞名中外，在這片絢麗多彩，雄偉多姿的建筑群中，最古老，最具特色的就是我們面前的大政殿。

大政殿草創(chuàng)于1620xx年，是處理國(guó)家政務(wù)和舉行慶典活動(dòng)的主要場(chǎng)所之一。作為最早使用和最為重要的宮殿之一。許多重大歷史事件都以大政殿為舞臺(tái)上演。

大清門(mén)是沈陽(yáng)故宮的正門(mén)，為皇帝臨朝前，文武百官候朝的地方。它便是演義小說(shuō)中俗稱的“午朝門(mén)”。大清門(mén)的屋頂滿鋪黃琉璃瓦并襯以綠色剪邊，既保留了以黃為尊的傳統(tǒng)觀念，又體現(xiàn)了滿族對(duì)故鄉(xiāng)山林的深厚眷念。從而構(gòu)成了區(qū)別北京故宮的一個(gè)特點(diǎn)——宮殿頂覆以黃琉璃瓦鑲以綠色剪邊。

穿過(guò)大清門(mén)，北望便是崇政殿。崇政殿俗稱“金鑾殿”，是清太宗皇太極舉行日常朝會(huì)的地方。

各位朋友，古代宮殿建筑布局講究“前朝后寢”?？催^(guò)了皇帝上朝的金鑾殿，請(qǐng)大家隨我去參觀帝后的寢宮。

鳳凰樓為宴飲、議事之所，是當(dāng)年沈陽(yáng)城的最高建筑，詩(shī)稱“欲窮千里目，更上一層樓”可謂十分貼切。登上鳳凰樓俯瞰四周，萬(wàn)般景物盡收眼底，可飽覽盛京全景，也可觀賞日出。“鳳樓曉日”是當(dāng)年著名的盛京八景之一。

各位朋友，穿過(guò)鳳凰樓底層的通道后，我們就進(jìn)入了后妃居住的臺(tái)上五官。臺(tái)上五官是清寧宮、關(guān)雎宮、麟趾宮、衍慶宮、永福宮。

此刻請(qǐng)大家隨我參觀皇太極和皇后的寢宮——清寧宮。

清寧宮東梢門(mén)稱“暖閣”，是帝后的臥室。暖閣內(nèi)分南北二室，二室均設(shè)火炕。1643年八月初九，皇太極在暖閣內(nèi)駕崩，終年52歲，后葬于沈陽(yáng)昭陵，即北陵。

各位朋友，此刻請(qǐng)隨我去參觀西路建筑。西路建于1782年至1783年，主要包括：戲臺(tái)、嘉蔭堂、文溯閣等。

說(shuō)起文溯閣，我們不能不提到乾隆皇帝和《四庫(kù)全書(shū)》。出于加強(qiáng)文化統(tǒng)治的需要，乾隆皇帝于1772年下詔訪求天下藏書(shū)，歷經(jīng)十余年時(shí)光編成一部大型叢書(shū)。該書(shū)分經(jīng)、史、子、集四部，所以稱為《四庫(kù)全書(shū)》。書(shū)修成后，抄錄七部，在全國(guó)建七座藏書(shū)閣分別收藏，沈陽(yáng)故宮的文溯閣便是其中之一。

看到那里，我們這天的參觀已經(jīng)接近尾聲。望故宮之行能給您留下完美的回憶。

沈陽(yáng)故宮導(dǎo)游詞簡(jiǎn)單篇五

大家好!我是小吳，今天由我來(lái)帶領(lǐng)大家游覽沈陽(yáng)故宮。沈陽(yáng)故宮始建于后金天命十年(1625年)，建成于清崇德元年(1636年)，是清太祖努爾哈赤和清太宗皇太極營(yíng)造和使用過(guò)的宮殿。清世祖福臨也曾在這里繼位，改元“順治”、并于當(dāng)年入關(guān)，統(tǒng)治全中國(guó)。沈陽(yáng)故宮占地6萬(wàn)多平方米，全部建筑計(jì)300多間，共組成20多個(gè)院落。按其布局，可分為東路、中路和西路三大部分。我們計(jì)劃游用三個(gè)小時(shí)的時(shí)間去游覽，現(xiàn)在我們已將到了，大家下車(chē)，先聽(tīng)我說(shuō)幾句。

首先，我告訴大家，注意的事項(xiàng)。第一，大家要緊跟我身后，不要走丟了。第二，要在規(guī)定的時(shí)間內(nèi)集合，如果找不到了，請(qǐng)撥打我的手機(jī)。第三，不要亂扔?xùn)|西，講衛(wèi)生。第四，保持安靜，不要大喊大叫。好了，出發(fā)了。

沈陽(yáng)故宮是中國(guó)現(xiàn)存僅次于北京故宮的最完整的皇宮建筑。在建筑藝術(shù)上承襲了中國(guó)古代建筑的傳統(tǒng)，集漢、滿、蒙族藝術(shù)為一體，具有很高的歷史和藝術(shù)價(jià)值。

大家看，這座占地六萬(wàn)平方米的古建筑群始建于625年，建成于1636年，全部建筑90余所，300余間。清朝進(jìn)關(guān)后對(duì)盛京皇宮又進(jìn)行了保護(hù)和擴(kuò)建，到乾隆時(shí)基本形成今日規(guī)模。

大家看，沈陽(yáng)故宮那金龍?bào)粗奶?、崇政殿，排如雁行的十王亭、萬(wàn)宇炕口袋房的清寧宮，古樸典雅的文朔閣，以及鳳凰樓等高臺(tái)建筑。在中國(guó)宮殿建筑史上，絕無(wú)僅有;那機(jī)富滿族情調(diào)的“宮高殿低”的建筑風(fēng)格，更是“別無(wú)分號(hào)”。

沈陽(yáng)老城內(nèi)的大街號(hào)“井”字形，故宮就設(shè)在“井”字形大街的中心，占地6萬(wàn)平方米，現(xiàn)有古建筑114座。主要建筑有大政殿，十王亭、大清門(mén)、崇政殿、鳳凰樓、清寧宮、文溯閣等。 大政殿是用來(lái)舉行諸如頒布詔書(shū)、軍隊(duì)出征、迎接將士凱旋和皇帝即位等大典的地方。十王亭則是左右翼王和八旗大臣辦事的地方。這種君臣合署辦事于宮廷的現(xiàn)象，體現(xiàn)了創(chuàng)業(yè)初期君臣平等的歷史，也是從打天下到坐天下的君臣平等的延續(xù)。到了入關(guān)后，從北京故宮開(kāi)始，這種平等被逐漸打破，最終形成了高高在上的君王。

中間高聳的建筑是沈陽(yáng)故宮里唯一的煙囪。故宮里每一個(gè)房間的炕火都從地下的通道匯聚到這個(gè)煙囪里，這是他們一統(tǒng)天下的思想的象征。這個(gè)煙囪共有11級(jí)，最上面一級(jí)只有三塊磚構(gòu)成。導(dǎo)游說(shuō)，這個(gè)一統(tǒng)天下的煙囪反而成了清朝的讖語(yǔ)：清朝共有11位皇帝，最后的宣統(tǒng)帝只做了三年江山，就是那三塊磚的預(yù)示。想當(dāng)年努爾哈赤在修建這個(gè)一統(tǒng)天下煙囪的時(shí)候，如果早知如此，肯定會(huì)加多幾層吧?!

下面，請(qǐng)大家自由參觀。三個(gè)小時(shí)后在這里準(zhǔn)時(shí)集合。